Senators Introduce Legislation to Strengthen Pentagon’s Annual Report on China’s Military Developments

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Sep 23, 2025 - 09:51 Updated: Sep 23, 2025 - 03:24
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Senators Introduce Legislation to Strengthen Pentagon’s Annual Report on China’s Military Developments

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A bipartisan group of senators has introduced legislation that would require the Pentagon to expand the scope of its annual report to Congress on China’s military and extend the reporting requirement by three more years.

Sens. Catherine Cortez Masto (D-Nev.) and Ted Budd (R-N.C.) introduced the China Military Power Transparency Act  S 2884 on Sept. 18, which would amend Section 1202 of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for fiscal year 2020. If enacted, the Pentagon would be mandated by Congress to provide the annual report through 2030, extending it beyond the current end year of 2027.

“In this critical moment, the United States must stay informed on Communist China’s potential future capabilities—military and otherwise,” Cortez Masto said in a statement.

“By expanding this report to include the CCP’s [Chinese Communist Party’s] potential expansion into new and emerging technologies like cyber and biotech, we are making sure that we are ready for whatever comes next.”

The Pentagon’s annual assessment of China’s military is officially titled Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China, commonly referred to as the China Military Power Report. It provides a detailed analysis and forecast of China’s military capabilities, strategy, and developments over the past year.

The legislation comes at a time when China’s communist regime is expanding its military operations and infrastructure throughout the Indo-Pacific region, including the first-ever deployment of its two homegrown aircraft carrier groups beyond the first island chain for the first time in June.
If enacted, the legislation would require the Pentagon to include additional topics in its annual report, such as China’s collaboration with foreign adversaries on nuclear and drone development, its acquisition of foreign farmland, the “likely role of Chinese cyber capabilities” in a potential conflict with the United States, and its efforts to “develop, acquire, or gain access” to emerging technologies such as biotechnology.

Another topic in the report would focus on Taiwan. According to the language of the bill, the Pentagon would need to provide “the likely strategic intent of the People’s Liberation Army in a conflict over Taiwan, and how the People’s Republic of China will conduct a cyber enabled economic warfare campaign, a cross strait invasion campaign, or a blockade campaign.”

“The People’s Republic of China has proven time and time again that its communist government cannot be trusted,” Budd said in a statement.
“As China continues to expand its influence abroad, the national security of the homeland must remain a top priority to counter its strategic influence. I am glad to join Senator Cortez Masto to introduce legislation that will ensure the U.S. monitors potential threats by closely tracking and assessing China’s military posture.”

Report

In its 2024 annual report, the Pentagon stated that China had more than 600 operational nuclear warheads as of mid-2024—an increase of 100 since the 2023 annual report.

The Pentagon estimated that China is projected to have more than 1,000 operational nuclear warheads by 2030, with the total expected to “continue growing” through at least 2035, according to its 2024 report.

China’s air force and navy “constitute the largest aviation forces in the region and the third largest in the world, with over 3,150 total aircraft,” the 2024 report states, adding that Beijing has about 2,400 combat aircraft, including fighters, strategic bombers, tactical bombers, and attack planes.

As for Taiwan, the 2024 report stated that the Chinese military “has a range of options to coerce Taipei based on its increasing capabilities in multiple domains.”

Regarding China’s amphibious fleet, which would be essential for any potential amphibious invasion of Taiwan, the Pentagon noted that there is “no indication” that Beijing is “significantly expanding its number of tank landing ships and medium-sized landing craft at this time.” Nonetheless, the Pentagon said that the Chinese military may believe it either already has “sufficient amphibious capability” or that it can rely on its “massive” shipbuilding industry to “produce the necessary ship-to-shore connectors relatively quickly.”

China’s military modernization progress could have been “disrupted” by “a new wave” of corruption-related investigations among its senior leaders in 2023, the Pentagon noted in its 2024 report.

“Several leaders investigated or removed for corruption oversaw equipment development projects related to modernizing China’s ground-based nuclear and conventional missiles,” the 2024 report reads.

One of the most high-profile cases involves former Chinese Defense Minister Li Shangfu, who was removed from his post in October 2023. Li was subsequently expelled from the CCP in June 2024, after being accused of accepting bribes and other misconduct.
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